Demographic factors | n (%) | Total difficulties | Emotional symptoms | Conduct problems | Hyperactivity | Peer problems | Prosocial behavior | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (% ) | χ2 value | n (% ) | χ2 value | n (% ) | χ2 value | n (% ) | χ2 value | n (% ) | χ2 value | n (% ) | χ2 value | ||
Age (years) | 0.41 | 2.47 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 1.71 | 0.36 | |||||||
<4 | 538 (21.6) | 62 (11.5) | 36 (6.7) | 56 (10.4) | 91 (16.9) | 152 (28.3) | 61 (11.3) | ||||||
≥4 | 1952 (78.4) | 206 (10.6) | 172 (8.0) | 189 (9.7) | 313 (16.0) | 497 (25.5) | 240 (12.3) | ||||||
Gender | 7.57** | 3.92* | 4.74* | 16.07** | 14.74** | 18.73** | |||||||
Male | 1289 (51.8) | 160 (12.4) | 94 (7.3) | 143 (11.1) | 246 (19.1) | 378 (29.3) | 191 (14.8) | ||||||
Female | 1201 (48.2) | 108 (9.0) | 114 (9.5) | 102 (8.5) | 158 (13.2) | 271 (22.6) | 110 (9.2) | ||||||
Any siblings | 0.38 | 0.65 | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.79 | |||||||
Yes | 269 (10.8) | 26 (9.7) | 19 (7.1) | 29 (10.8) | 41 (15.2) | 73 (27.1) | 37 (13.8) | ||||||
No | 2221 (89.2) | 242 (10.9) | 189 (8.5) | 216 (9.7) | 363 (16.3) | 576 (25.9) | 264 (11.9) | ||||||
Delivery mode | 0.37 | 1.32 | 0.05 | 2.01 | 0.02 | 0.37 | |||||||
Vaginal delivery | 1233 (49.5) | 128 (10.4) | 95 (7.7) | 122 (9.7) | 187 (15.2) | 320 (26.0) | 152 (12.5) | ||||||
Cesarean section | 1257 (50.4) | 140 (11.1) | 113 (9.0) | 123 (10.0) | 217 (17.3) | 329 (26.2) | 147 (11.7) | ||||||
Birth weight | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 1.76 | 0.31 | 0.43 | |||||||
Small for gestational age | 247 (9.9) | 25 (10.1) | 21 (8.5) | 23 (9.3) | 44 (17.8) | 68 (27.5) | 30 (12.1) | ||||||
Appropriate for gestational age | 1847 (74.1) | 195 (10.6) | 155 (8.4) | 184 (10.0) | 289 (15.6) | 478 (25.9) | 227 (12.3) | ||||||
Large for gestational age | 396 (15.9) | 48 (12.1) | 32 (8.1) | 38 (9.6) | 71 (17.9) | 103 (26.0) | 44 (11.1) | ||||||
Family income (CNY/month) | 2.15 | 1.93 | 4.87 | 0.33 | 9.46** | 8.20* | |||||||
< 2500 | 698 (28.0) | 79 (11.3) | 64 (9.2) | 79 (11.3) | 118 (16.9) | 212 (30.4) | 105 (15.0) | ||||||
2500–4000 | 1045 (42.0) | 119 (11.4) | 90 (8.6) | 87 (8.3) | 167 (16.0) | 258 (24.7) | 111 (10.6) | ||||||
≥ 4000 | 747 (30.0) | 70 (9.4) | 54 (7.2) | 79 (10.6) | 119 (15.9) | 179 (24.0) | 85 (11.4) | ||||||
Maximum educational level of parents | 14.36** | 5.56 | 14.07** | 31.70*** | 19.68** | 5.49 | |||||||
High school or less | 758 (30.4) | 107 (14.1) | 77 (10.2) | 100 (13.2) | 169 (22.3) | 241 (31.8) | 109 (14.4) | ||||||
College or 2-year degree | 787 (31.6) | 65 (8.3) | 54 (6.9) | 69 (8.8) | 118 (15.0) | 195 (24.8) | 85 (10.8) | ||||||
Bachelor’s or above | 945 (38.0) | 96 (10.2) | 77 (8.1) | 76 (8.0) | 117 (12.4) | 213 (22.5) | 107 (11.3) | ||||||
Passive smoking | 5.49* | 9.82** | 5.65* | 8.46** | 1.13 | 1.01 | |||||||
Yes | 397 (15.9) | 56 (14.1) | 49 (12.3) | 52 (13.1) | 84 (21.2) | 112 (28.2) | 42 (10.6) | ||||||
No | 2093 (84.1) | 212 (10.1) | 159 (7.6) | 193 (9.2) | 320 (15.3) | 537 (25.7) | 259 (12.4) | ||||||
Outdoor activities (h/day) | 0.17 | 0.98 | 0.02 | 0.79 | 7.98** | 3.52 | |||||||
< 2 | 1355 (54.4) | 149 (11.0) | 120 (8.9) | 133 (9.8) | 228 (16.8) | 384 (28.3) | 179 (13.2) | ||||||
≥ 2 | 1135 (45.6) | 119 (10.5) | 88 (7.8) | 112 (9.9) | 176 (15.5) | 265 (23.3) | 122 (10.7) |