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Table 2 Summary of percent change estimates (95%CI) for included studies of association between PM2.5 exposure (per 10 μg/m3 increase) and HRV indicators

From: Acute effect of ambient fine particulate matter on heart rate variability: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of panel studies

Subgroup

SDNN

rMSSD

HF

LF

No.

Percent Change (95%CI)

I2 (%)

P

No.

Percent Change (95%CI)

I2 (%)

P

No.

Percent Change (95%CI)

I2 (%)

P

No.

Percent Change (95%CI)

I2 (%)

P

Total

29

− 0.92 (− 1.26, − 0.59)

85.1

<  0.001

27

− 1.47 (− 2.17, − 0.77)

79.3

< 0.001

24

− 2.17 (− 3.24, − 1.10)

88.9

< 0.001

16

− 1.52 (− 2.50, − 0.54)

72.4

< 0.001

Study location

North American

15

− 0.62 (− 1.05, − 0.19)

82.0

< 0.001

13

− 1.64 (− 2.89, − 0.38)

79.8

< 0.001

10

− 1.18 (− 3.22, 0.86)

77.4

< 0.001

6

− 1.39 (− 2.99, 0.20)

54.2

0.053

Europe

4

− 0.85 (− 2.39, 0.70)

75.3

0.007

5

− 0.90 (− 2.47, 0.67)

80.9

< 0.001

2

NA

−

−

0

NA

NA

NA

Asia

10

− 1.38 (− 2.13, − 0.62)

87.2

< 0.001

9

− 1.58 (− 2.43, − 0.73)

62.2

< 0.001

12

− 2.54 (− 3.91, − 1.17)

91.8

< 0.001

10

− 1.63 (− 2.9, − 0.32)

78.7

< 0.001

PM2.5 assessment

Individual monitor

14

− 0.98 (− 1.40, − 0.55)

91.3

< 0.001

10

− 1.54 (− 2.55, 0.53)

84.1

< 0.001

11

− 3.84 (− 5.03, − 1.92)

93.0

< 0.001

6

− 1.30 (− 2.79, 0.20)

84.1

< 0.001

Fixed site or others

15

− 0.94 (− 1.56, − 0.32)

56.7

0.004

17

− 1.36 (− 2.30, − 0.42)

68.7

< 0.001

13

− 0.73 (− 2.14, 0.67)

68.9

< 0.001

10

− 1.75 (− 3.14, − 0.37)

54.7

0.019

Health status

Healthy population

13

− 0.67 (− 1.02, − 0.32)

84.7

< 0.001

10

− 2.18 (− 3.39, − 0.97)

71.7

< 0.001

11

− 3.40 (− 4.97, − 1.83)

93.8

< 0.001

8

− 1.91 (− 3.25, − 0.57)

80.6

< 0.001

Patients

16

− 1.19 (− 2.04, − 0.34)

84.1

< 0.001

17

− 1.08 (− 1.85, − 0.31)

74.3

< 0.001

13

− 0.90 (− 2.34, 0.54)

71.4

< 0.001

8

− 1.03 (− 2.73, 0.68)

61.2

< 0.001

Age

<40 years

6

− 0.87 (− 1.77, 0.03)

80.0

< 0.001

5

− 0.20 (− 2.64, 2.23)

79.8

< 0.001

6

− 1.19 (− 2.53, 0.15)

84.7

< 0.001

5

− 0.71 (− 1.32, − 0.11)

75.8

< 0.001

≥ 40 years

23

− 0.97 (− 1.37, − 0.58)

85.8

< 0.001

22

− 1.64 (− 2.39, − 0.88)

81.

< 0.001

18

− 2.70 (− 4.35, − 1.05)

91.9

< 0.001

11

− 2.23 (− 4.00, − 0.46)

17.4

< 0.001

  1. P for the heterogeneity Q test. NA not reported, due to the limited number of studies in this subgroup, the subgroup analysis was not conducted
  2. HRV heart rate variability, SDNN standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals, rMSSD root mean square of successive differences in adjacent normal-to-normal intervals, HF high frequency power, LF low frequency power