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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants aged ≥ 65 years (n = 11,410)

From: Study design and baseline characteristics of a population-based prospective cohort study of dementia in Japan: the Japan Prospective Studies Collaboration for Aging and Dementia (JPSC-AD)

Variables

Mean, median, or frequencya

% of missing value

Demographic factors and lifestyles

 Age, years

74.4 (7.2)

0.0

 Men, %

41.9

0.0

 Education ≤ 9 years, %

35.5

1.8

 Current smoker, %

8.2

2.3

 Current drinker, %

40.2

2.4

 Regular exerciseb, %

40.9

9.4

Physical examinations

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

139.8 (18.9)

9.0

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

78.1 (11.5)

9.0

 BMI, kg/m2

23.3 (3.4)

8.7

 BMI category, %

  < 18.5 kg/m2

5.9

 

  18.5–24.9 kg/m2

66.4

 

  ≥ 25.0 kg/m2

27.8

 

 Waist circumference (at umbilicus), cm

85.3 (9.3)

13.5

 Electrocardiogram abnormalitiesc, %

14.1

12.8

Comorbidities and medications

 History of cardiovascular diseased, %

11.8

0.5

 History of cancer, %

13.3

0.4

 Hypertensione), %

75.0

5.1

 Diabetes mellitusf, %

18.4

10.5

 Use of antihypertensive agents, %

51.2

1.9

 Use of glucose-lowering agents (including insulin therapy), %

12.9

2.0

 Use of lipid-modifying agents, %

29.0

2.4

Blood test

 White blood cells, × 109/L

5.7 (2.4)

11.6

 Red blood cells, × 1012/L

4.4 (0.5)

11.6

 Hemoglobin, g/L

136.8 (14.6)

11.6

 Hematocrit, %

42.5 (4.4)

11.6

 Platelet, × 109/L

230.2 (62.3)

11.7

 Serum total protein, g/L

73.8 (4.9)

11.6

 Serum albumin, g/L

43.1 (3.3)

11.6

 Serum urea nitrogen, mmol/L

6.1 (1.9)

11.6

 Serum creatinine, μmol/L

63.6 (53.9–76.9)

11.6

 Estimated GFRg, ml/min/1.73m2

67.8 (11.8)

11.6

 Serum uric acid, μmol/L

305.7 (77.4)

11.6

 Serum total bilirubin, μmol/L

12.0 (10.3–15.4)

11.6

 Serum aspartate transaminase, U/L

23 (20–28)

11.6

 Serum alanine transaminase, U/L

17 (13–23)

11.6

 Serum alkaline phosphatase, U/L

232 (192–281)

11.6

 Serum lactate dehydrogenase, U/L

203 (181–227)

11.6

 Serum γ-glutamyl transferase, U/L

22 (16–35)

11.6

 Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.3 (0.9)

11.6

 Serum LDL cholesterol, mmol/L

3.0 (0.8)

11.6

 Serum HDL cholesterol, mmol/L

1.6 (0.4)

11.6

 Fasting serum triglycerides, mmol/L

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

61.0

 Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L

5.3 (1.1)

61.0

 Fasting serum insulin, pmol/L

28.8 (21.0-40.8)

61.3

 Hemoglobin A1c (NGSP), %

5.8 (0.7)

11.6

 Serum glycated albumin, %

15.5 (2.6)

12.7

 Serum sodium, mmol/L

141.9 (2.1)

11.7

 Serum potassium, mmol /L

4.3 (0.6)

11.6

 Serum high-sensitivity CRP, mg/L

0.48 (0.23–1.03)

11.6

 Serum free thyroxine (T4), pmol/L

14.9 (2.3)

11.6

 Serum thyroid stimulating hormone, μIU/mL

1.90 (1.27–2.88)

11.6

Urine test

 Proteinuria (dipstick ≥ 1+ or Uprot ≥30 mg/dL), %

7.3

13.9

 Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, mg/gCr

11.6 (6.0–29.3)

13.7

ADL and sleep

 ADL disability (Barthel index ≤ 95), %

12.2

1.4

 Functional capacity impairment (TMIG-IC ≤ 12), %

43.1

2.3

 Maximal handgrip strength, kg

27.0 (8.7)

6.0

 Usual speed 5-m walking time, s

4.0 (1.4)

21.1

 Sleeping time, h

7 (6–8)

8.8

Cognitive function

 Mini-Mental State Examination, points

28 (25–29)

3.4

 Mild cognitive impairment, %

17.0

0.1

 Dementia, %

8.5

0.1

Depressive status

 Geriatric depression scale, points

2 (1–4)

4.4

 Depressive symptoms (geriatric depression scale ≥ 6 points), %

16.1

4.4

 Depression, %

1.2

0.1

  1. Note. Conversion factors for units were as follows: hemoglobin, serum total protein, and serum albumin in g/dL to g/L, × 10; serum urea nitrogen in mg/dL to mmol/L, × 0.357; serum creatinine in mg/dL to μmol/L, × 88.4; serum uric acid in mg/dL to μmol/L, × 59.48; serum total bilirubin in mg/dL to μmol/L, × 17.1; serum cholesterol (total, LDL, and HDL) in mg/dL to mmol/L, × 0.02586; serum triglycerides in mg/dL to mmol/L, × 0.01129; blood glucose in mg/dL to mmol/L, × 0.05551; serum insulin in μU/mL to pmol/L, × 6.00; serum free thyroxine in ng/dL to pmol/L, x 12.87
  2. ADL activities of daily living, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, GFR glomerular filtration rate, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, NGSP National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program, TMIG-IC Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence, Uprot urinary protein concentration
  3. aValues are shown as the mean (standard deviation), median (interquartile range), or frequency, as appropriate. Subjects with missing values were excluded from the analysis for each relevant variable
  4. bRegular exercise was defined as any physical activity performed for at least 30 min twice per week over the most recent year or longer
  5. cElectrocardiogram abnormalities were defined as the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, ST depression, and/or atrial fibrillation
  6. dCardiovascular disease was defined as stroke, coronary heart disease, and/or coronary intervention
  7. eHypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and/or use of antihypertensive agents
  8. fDiabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, casual blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL, hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5%, and/or use of glucose-lowering agents
  9. gEstimated GFR was calculated by using the Japanese coefficient modified CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) equation
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Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

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