From: Health impacts of environmental contamination of micro- and nanoplastics: a review
Species | Size | Type | Effects | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blue mussel | 4–10 μm | MP | Remain in the body | [21] |
2 μm, 100 nm | MP, NP | Abnormal development and deformity were found in both MNP treatment groups, but the growth of mussel larvae was not affected. | [87] | |
Oyster | 160 nm –7.3 μm | MP, NP | No measurable adverse effect on the growth, development, or feeding capacity | [88] |
1 μm, 10 μm | MP | |||
2 μm, 6 μm | MP | Significantly reduce the number of follicles and sperm motility in oysters as well as the production and development of offspring larvae | [22] | |
50 nm | NP | Significant decrease of oyster fertilization rates and embryo–larval development, including many deformities, which results in the complete stagnation of development | [89] | |
Clam | 1.2 μm–5 mm | MNP | No significant difference for the intake and accumulation of MNPs between wild and farmed clams | [91] |
Lugworms | 10–180 μm | MP | Accumulated plastic particles did not have significant effects on the organisms, nor did they enhance or weaken the bioaccumulation of other chemicals | [93] |
200 μm | MP | Growth and photosynthesis were promoted, and the smaller the particle size was, the more obvious the effect was. | [94] | |
Crepidula onyx | 2.0–2.4 mm | MP | Cause abnormal energy consumption | [95] |
Daphnia | 20–250 mm | MP | Remains in the gut, but there are no acute effects that can be observed | [96] |
1 μm, 100 μm | MP | The effect of 1-μm plastic particles on immobilization changed in a time- and dose-dependent manner. However, the 100-μm sized plastic particles could not be ingested, and there was also no significant harmful effect for this size of plastic particles. | [97] | |
100 nm, 2 μm | MP, NP | The plastic particles of both sizes are easy to ingest, and the uptake of 2-μm particles is 5 times that of 100-nm particles. NP resulted in reduced excretion and ingestion rates, but no adverse effects of MP and NP on reproduction were observed. | [98] | |
63–75 μm | MP | No increase in adult D. magna mortality after MP exposure, no change in morphology (length, width, and tailbone length), and no harmful effect on reproductive parameters | ||
Zebrafish | 70 nm, 5 μm, 20 μm | MP, NP | 5-μm MPs can accumulate in the gills, liver, and gut, but 20-μm MPs could not accumulate in gill tissue. In addition, both 70-nm and 5-μm MPs can induce inflammation and lipid accumulation in the liver, with changes in oxidative stress and lipid energy metabolism | [23] |
~70 μm, 0.1 μm, 1.0 μm, 5.0 μm | MP | Causes intestinal damages, including cracking of villi and splitting of enterocytes, but does not or rarely cause zebrafish death. The 1.0-μm particles were highly lethal, had the highest accumulation, the lowest intestinal Ca2+ level, and the highest expression of glutathione S-transferase 4 | [101] | |
20–100 nm | NP | Penetrate the choroid membranes of developing zebrafish, accumulate in embryonic tissues, and influence physiology and behavior, leading to inter- or transgenerational toxicity | ||
Japanese medaka | 50–60 μm | MF | Increased oviposition and secondary patellar aneurysms | [35] |
Mice | 5 μm, 20 μm | MP | Remain in the liver, kidney, and gut; energy and lipid metabolism disorders and liver inflammation | [24] |
5 μm, 0.5 μm, 50 μm | MP | Decreased intestinal mucus and significant changes in the richness and diversity of intestinal biota | ||
38.92 nm | NP | No significant behavioral effects were noted in all neurobehavioral tests. However, some subtle toxic effects, such as decreased locomotor activity, were observed, which provides insight for future studies. | [104] | |
Human | 50–500 μm | MP | Various MPs have been detected in human feces, suggesting that MPs can enter the body through the digestive system and be excreted in feces. | [125] |