Species | Humans | Monkeys | Rodents |
---|---|---|---|
PFOA | |||
 Carcinogenicity | Prostate cancer mortality [11] |  | Liver tumors, pancreatic acinar cell tumors, Leydig cell tumors [79] |
 Hepatotoxicities | Slight increases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, gamma glutamyl aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase [77] | Hepatomegaly accompanied by mitochondrial proliferation, no peroxisome proliferation [85] | Peroxisome proliferation, increased hepatocyte hypertrophy, increased labeling index [83] |
 Developmental toxicities |  | Early pregnancy loss, increased neonatal mortality, delayed eye opening, growth deficits, altered pubertal maturation [87, 91] | |
 Behavioral and neurotoxicities |  | Decreases in food consumption and body weight [85] | Decreased food intake, reduced habituation and hyperactivity, hypoactive response to nicotine [94, 96] |
 Other | Higher prevalence of angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic bronchitis, shortness of breath on stairs, asthma [78] |  |  |
PFOS | |||
 Carcinogenicity | Bladder cancer mortality [9] |  | Hepatocellular adenoma, thyroid follicular cell adenoma [80] |
 Hepatotoxicities | Possible increase in cholesterol, decrease in high-density cholesterol, initial decrease and subsequent increase in total bilirubin [76] | Decreased body weights, increased liver weights, lowered serum total cholesterol levels, lowered estradiol levels, no peroxisome proliferation [86] | Peroxisome proliferation, mild increase in hepatic palmitoyl CoA oxidase [80] |
 Developmental toxicities | Decreased birth weight, ponderal index, and head circumference [10] |  | Increased relative liver weight of pups, delayed eye opening, neonatal death due to intracranial blood vessel dilatation and lung atelectasis, decreased natural killer cell function in male pups [88–90] |
 Behavioral and neurotoxicities |  | Decreases in food consumption [86] | Decreased food intake [95], reduced habituation and hyperactivity, hypoactive response to nicotine [96] |